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This is a dummy text. In general, the French aim to elicit discussion and dialogue in this interactive process. One example of this is the "grand débat national," which France's President Emmanuel Macron plans to use to solicit ideas for reforming the country. "The people have spoken, we have to carry out their demands," said Macron in a speech at the Elysee palace on June 21. For centuries, France has been a bastion of democracy and dissent against tyranny. In 1791, they became only the third country in Europe after Great Britain and America to abolish absolute monarchy when revolutionaries seized control from King Louis XVI, decreed that all men are created equal, and enacted constitutional reforms limiting royal authority. The Declaration of the Rights of Man, which King Louis XVI (1754–1793) signed in 1789, had declared that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights" and had formally proclaimed human equality. However, the declaration was not executed until 1791. There was also no explicit separation of Church and State; but Louis had waffled on the whole question of deism. He called on God to "protect him" against his enemies ("I call upon heaven…in order to make it known that I sacrifice my life to the sacred interests of the French nation"), but also endorsed deism by quoting Pascal on "gods who make themselves seen. …They are visible only to those who believe in them." Since then, France has been deeply involved in revolutionary movements. The Revolution of 1848 was fought against both the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Second French Empire. Following Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, France fell back on the concept of "national defence". An expanded version of this idea was used in 1870–79, when Prussia defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War. A period of defeat came following defeat in World War I (1914–1918), with the Brest-Litovsk Treaty which forced Russia out of World War I and led to a Soviet Union that is now an ally of France. The occupation of the Rhineland by the Nazis in 1936 was a breach of a treaty that had been signed between France and Nazi Germany in 1936, which prohibited the stationing of troops on either side of the demarcation line. In 1940, France was defeated both by Germany and Great Britain. The country fell to Nazi Germany in May 1940. Most French cities were occupied during World War II (1939–45). On June 22, 1944, as France suffered its first combat defeat since 1918 at the Battle of Normandy, Hitler ordered an immediate invasion. Airborne troops parachuted into Normandy on D-Day plus 1 March 1945 to seize control from German forces who had been occupying France since 1940. The city of Caen was liberated from the Germans by General Patton on July 26, 1944. France's liberation from Nazi occupation, a major source of pride for the French, was marked by a "Day of National Glory" on June 29, 1944, when President Charles de Gaulle returned to power in France following the German occupation. De Gaulle had been in exile in Britain until he decided to return to France after rallying his supporters there during what became known as the Battle of Britain. However, de Gaulle's government was forced out of office on August 19, 1940 (he resigned on August 10). He then formed an alliance with Winston Churchill that helped defeat the Nazis. cfa1e77820
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